A governance framework for the design and evaluation of tree planting schemes

Tree planting has excellent potential to alleviate the profound negative impacts of global environmental change. However, tree schemes often involve complex social, political, economic, technical, and biological dimensions. In improving performance schemes, governance tools frameworks have been developed by different stakeholders over past years. this study, we systematically reviewed existing literature synthesised qualitative information on schemes. We searched five databases, and, after screening abstracts full texts, identified 93 publications from six continents. The contained relevant insights scheme practices, processes, tools, frameworks, guidelines. key issues thematic concepts then categorised them into overarching structural phases or processes (initiation, planning, intervention, monitoring evaluation, sustainability) four influencing factors (actors, resources, information, legal instruments) with their elements. Using these, propose a process framework that applied several examples worldwide. distinctly integrates factors, which most users can adapt contexts, linking inputs processes. argue framework's flexibility, clarity, inclusiveness help guide how they best address challenges change sustainable development. Furthermore, our be varying in whole part, depending type purpose. Specifically, formally assess, analyse, monitor, evaluate processes; plan new